More important, the LIO terminology clouds analysis of international policy by obscuring what is actually occurring. The transition from mercantilism to free trade and the domestic move toward democracy presented an opportunity to overthrow that feudal legacy. Scholars have claimed that the LIO concept explains the cohesion and effectiveness of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and that the LIO is responsible for the Cold War peace, U.S. victory in the Cold War, and the absence of balancing against U.S. hegemonic power after the Cold War. 4041; and Thomas Risse-Kappen, Collective Identity in a Democratic Community, in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. Should it make concessions in East Asia that are essentially precluded by the LIO's status quo bias? However, states may have little option than to trade for goods that they do not produce and resources they do not possessmaybe, most importantly, oilthereby leaving themselves vulnerable. The realization of long-term mutual interests is of greater value than the attainment of independent short-term goals. Liberal ideas and trends often over take local ideas which can be viewed as totalitarian, a view taken by Booth and Smith, the assumption that universal norms and values will triumph over those based on particular local contexts is a feature which contemporary liberalism, (Booth and Smith, 1995, pg 92). (Hayek, 1975, page 75). 1 (Spring 1996), pp. Liberal Internationalism is an approach based on the belief that nations can achieve their common goals through increased interaction and cooperation. 4 (July/August 2018), pp. See David A. See also Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House, 1979), pp. As Randall Schweller has convincingly explained, a powerful state cannot effectively constrain its ability to use its power/force when the stakes are high44for example, in situations in which a state is willing to launch a major war, employ its military coercive power, or initiate a crippling trade war. To generate greater clarity about the international challenges facing the United States and its options for confronting them, analysts should employ a grand-strategic lens. On wealth as a barrier to reversion, see Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi, Modernization: Theories and Fact, World Politics, Vol. A supranational political structure is a political entity that encompasses two or more states, which is delegated a degree of power over its member states.

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